Premature graying of hair.

Premature graying is an important cause of low self-esteem, often interfering with socio-cultural adjustment. The onset and progression of graying or canities correlate very closely with chronological aging, and occur in varying degrees in all individuals eventually, regardless of gender or race. Premature canities may occur alone as an autosomal dominant condition or in association with various autoimmune or premature aging syndromes. It needs to be differentiated from various genetic hypomelanotic hair disorders. Reduction in melanogenically active melanocytes in the hair bulb of gray anagen hair follicles with resultant pigment loss is central to the pathogenesis of graying. Defective melanosomal transfers to cortical keratinocytes and melanin incontinence due to melanocyte degeneration are also believed to contribute to this. The white color of canities is an optical effect; the reflection of incident light masks the intrinsic pale yellow color of hair keratin. Full range of color from normal to white can be seen both along individual hair and from hair to hair, and admixture of pigmented and white hair is believed to give the appearance of gray. Graying of hair is usually progressive and permanent, but there are occasional reports of spontaneous repigmentation of gray hair. Studies evaluating the association of canities with osteopenia and cardiovascular disease have revealed mixed results. Despite the extensive molecular research being carried out to understand the pathogenesis of canities, there is paucity of effective evidence-based treatment options. Reports of repigmentation of previously white hair following certain inflammatory processes and use of drugs have suggested the possibility of cytokine-induced recruitment of outer sheath melanocytes to the hair bulb and rekindled the hope for finding an effective drug for treatment of premature canities. In the end, camouflage techniques using hair colorants are outlined.

Mechanisms regulating melanogenesis* / Mecanismos reguladores da melanogênese

Skin pigmentation is an important human phenotypic trait whose regulation, in spite of recent advances, has not yet been fully understood. The pigment melanin is produced in melanosomes by melanocytes in a complex process called melanogenesis. The melanocyte interacts with endocrine, immune, inflammatory and central nervous systems, and its activity is also regulated by extrinsic factors such as ultraviolet radiation and drugs. We have carried out a review of the current understanding of intrinsic and extrinsic factors regulating skin pigmentation, the melanogenesis stages and related gene defects. We focused on melanocyte-keratinocyte interaction, activation of melanocortin type 1 receptor (MC1-R) by peptides (melanocyte-stimulating hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone) resulting from proopiomelanocortin (POMC) cleavage, and mechanisms of ultraviolet-induced skin pigmentation. The identification and comprehension of the melanogenesis mechanism facilitate the understanding of the pathogenesis of pigmentation disorders and the development of potential therapeutic options.

A pigmentação da pele é um importante traço fenotípico do ser humano mas apesar dos recentes avanços a sua regulação não está ainda totalmente esclarecida. O pigmento melanina é produzido nos melanossomas pelos melanócitos, num processo complexo designado por melanogénese. O melanócito interatua com os sistemas endócrino, imunitário, inflamatório e nervoso central e a sua atividade é também regulada por fatores extrínsecos como a radiação ultravioleta e fármacos. Fizemos uma revisão do conhecimento atual sobre os fatores intrínsecos e extrínsecos reguladores da pigmentação cutânea, etapas da melanogénese e defeitos genéticos relacionados. Fizemos enfoque na interação melanócito-keratinócito, na ativação do receptor da melanocortina tipo 1 (MC1-R) pelos péptidos (hormona estimuladora do melanócito e hormona adrenocorticotrófica) resultantes da clivagem da proopiomelanocortina (POMC) e mecanismos da pigmentação induzida pela radiação ultravioleta. A identificação e compreensão dos mecanismos reguladores da pigmentação cutânea facilitam o conhecimento dos mecanismos patogénicos dos distúrbios da pigmentação e o desenvolvimento de potenciais opções terapêuticas.

Effect of long-term exposure to su-light on the ultrastructure of epidermal melanin unit of the human skin

The aim of the present work was to study the ultrastructural features of the melanocytes and related keratinocytes in chronically sun- exposed skin. 10 fair-skinned adult males, whose occupation required long exposure to sun light were chosen for this study. Chronic exposure to sun light enhanced the proliferative activity of the epidermal melanocytes accompanied by increased melanin content, variable dendritic morphology and appearance of numerous pinocytotic vesicles and vacuoles. Moreover, migration of melanocytes were demonstrated in the sun-exposed skin into suprabasal and subbasal [dermal] positions. Groups of melanocytes were demonstrated in the superficial part of the dermis denoting nest formation. In addition, chronic exposure to sun light induced marked proliferation of the epidermal keratinocytes leading to increased epidermal thickness. Also, their pigment content was increased due to enhanced melanin transfer from the nearby melanocytes. Moreover, there was concentric condensation of the excess melanin pigments and cytoplasmic tonofilaments around their nuclei forming a shield to protect the nuclear DNA against the harmful effect of solar ultraviolet rays

Ausência de melanócitos na epiderme do gambá (Didelphis azarae) adulto / Absence of melanocytes in the epidermis of the adult opossum (Didelphis azarae)

Estudou-se a presença de melanina na epiderme do gambá (Didelphis azarae). Este pigmento näo foi observado histoquimicamente e o estudo ultra-estrutural confirmou a ausência de melanócitos típicos, com ou sem grânulos de melanina

Tratamiento de la melanosis del tejido gingival por la técnica de mucoabrasión / Treatment of melanosis of the gingival tissue by the muco-abrassion technique

Se realizaron 54 tratamientos de eliminación melánica fisiológica gingival; 10 pacientes mostraron repigmentación clínica leve al término de un año del tratamiento. Ocho de estos individuos resultaron ser fumadores crónicos. El método mucoabrasivo es una técnica quirúrgica sencilla sin grandes riesgos; se trató la región anterosuperior e inferior debido a que es el área de la sonrisa y afecta estética y psicológicamente.

The ultraviolet B protection effects of topically applied melanosomes onto human skin

Melanosome is a cellular organelle that is composed of a melanosomal matrix and a brown biochrome, melanin which is formed by tyrosine-tyrosinase reactions. The melanosome is formed within the melanocyte and transferred to the surrounding keratinocytes through dendritic processes. Human skin color is related to the number, size, type and distribution of melanosomes, and the major role of melanosomes is to prevent skin from injurious nonionizing ultraviolet radiation. Controlled NaOH hydrolysis and centrifugation of human hair make it possible to isolate large amounts of melanosomes which are synthesized within the follicular melanocytes and transferred to hair matrix cells. In this study, the sun protection factors of topically applied melanosomes isolated from human hair were evaluated using ultraviolet B phototesting. Topically applied melanosomes increased the minimal erythemal doses. And the sun protection factors of each 50% and 25% melanosomal preparation were 12.3 +/- 5.5 and 3.1 +/- 1.3 respectively, and these ultraviolet B protection effects showed statistically significant differences from 10%, 5% and 1% melanosomal preparations and vehicle. Form these results, the dose-related photoprotective role of melanosomes was confirmed.